Biological and physico-mechanical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) enriched with graphene oxide as a potential biomaterial / Propiedades físicas-mecánicas-biológicas del poli (metilmetacrilato) enriquecido con óxido de grafeno como potencial biomaterial

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity and effects of graphene oxide (GO) on cellular proliferation of gingival-fibroblasts, pulp-dental cells and human osteoblasts in culture, and to determine the physical, mechanical and biological properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) enriched with GO. Material and Methods: The GO was characterized with SEM. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation were determined by the MTT bioassay. The physical mechanical tests (flexural strength and elastic modulus) were carried out with a universal testing machine. Sorption and solubility were determined by weighing before and after drying and immersion in water. Porosity was evaluated by visual inspection. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Tukey's posthoc ANOVA. Results: The GO has a heterogeneous morphology and a particle size of 66.67±64.76 µm. GO has a slight to no-cytotoxicity (>50-75% viability) at 1-30 days, and at 24 hours incubation of PMMA with GO significantly stimulates osteoblasts (45±8%, p<0.01). The physical and mechanical properties of PMMA with GO increase considerably without altering sorption, solubility and porosity. Conclusion: GO alone or with PMMA has an acceptable biocompatibility, could contribute to cell proliferation, cell regeneration and improve the physical mechanical properties of PMMA.

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity and effects of graphene oxide (GO) on cellular proliferation of gingival-fibroblasts, pulpdental cells and human osteoblasts in culture, and to determine the physical, mechanical and biological properties of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) enriched with GO. Material and Methods: T he G O w as c haracterized with SEM. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation were determined by the MTT bioassay. The physical-mechanical tests (flexural strength and elastic modulus) were carried out with a universal testing machine. Sorption and solubility were determined by weighing before and after drying and immersion in water. Porosity was evaluated by visual inspection. Data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Tukey's post-hoc ANOVA. Results: The GO has a heterogeneous morphology and a particle size of 66.67±64.76 ?m. GO has a slight to no-cytotoxicity (>50-75% viability) at 1-30 days, and at 24 hours incubation of PMMA with GO significantly stimulates osteoblasts (45±8%, p<0.01). The physical and mechanical properties of PMMA with GO increase considerably without altering sorption, solubility and porosity. Conclusion: GO alone or with PMMA has an acceptable biocompatibility, could contribute to cell proliferation, cell regeneration and improve the physical-mechanical properties of PMMA.

Perspectivas y aplicaciones reales del grafeno después de 16 años de su descubrimiento / Perspectives and real applications of graphene at 16 years after its breakthrough / Perspectivas e aplicações reais do grafeno após 16 anos de sua descoberta

Resumen A 16 años del gran descubrimiento del grafeno los focos de atención vuelven a estar en este material con el reporte de su comportamiento superconductor dependiendo del apilado de sus capas. Sin embargo, su nombre durante estos últimos años no solo se ha relacionado a la superconductividad, sino que ha sido relacionado con una diversidad muy amplia de aplicaciones, en disciplinas muy diversas, entre las que cabe mencionar: materiales opto-electrónicos, electrodos para catálisis, dispositivos para tratamiento de desechos, biosensores, entre otros. Esto ha hecho que un gran número de grupos de investigación se hayan interesado no solo en estudiar sus propiedades, sino también en investigar nuevos métodos sintéticos que puedan ser escalables a niveles industriales, sin perder sus propiedades electrónicas y mecánicas. A pesar de los numerosos estudios y los recursos invertidos en grafeno no todas las aplicaciones han llegado a ser una realidad, en esta revisión se muestran algunas de las más exitosas.

Abstract 16 years after the great discovery of graphene, the focus and attention are again on this material after the report of its superconducting behavior depending on the stacking of its layers. The graphene has not only been related to superconductivity but has also been related to a wide diversity of applications, in very diverse disciplines. Among them, we can mention: Opto-electronic materials, electrodes for catalysis, devices for waste-water treatment, biosensors, batteries, and solar cells. This has caused a large number of research groups to be interested not only in the study of its properties, but also in the research of new synthetic methods that can be scaled to industrial levels, without losing its electronic and mechanical properties. Despite numerous studies and resources invested in graphene, not all applications have become a reality, some of the most successful are shown in this review.

Resumo 16 anos após a grande descoberta do grafeno, o foco e as atenções voltam a ser neste material com o relato de seu comportamento supercondutor em função do empilhamento de suas camadas. No entanto, seu nome nos últimos anos não tem sido apenas relacionado à supercondutividade, mas tem sido relacionado a uma diversidade muito ampla de aplicações, em disciplinas muito diversas. Entre eles podemos citar: materiais optoeletrônicos, eletrodos para catálise, dispositivos para tratamento de águas residuais, biossensores, baterias e células solares. Isso fez com que um grande número de grupos de pesquisa se interessassem não apenas em estudar suas propriedades, mas muitas pesquisas também foram feitas na geração de métodos sintéticos que pudessem ser dimensionados para níveis industriais, sem perder suas propriedades eletrônicas e mecânicas. Apesar dos inúmeros estudos e recursos investidos em grafeno, nem todas as aplicações se tornaram realidade, algumas das mais bem-sucedidas são apresentadas nesta revisão.

El grafeno en la rehabilitación bucal y su comportamiento biológico: caso clínico / Graphene in oral rehabilitation and its biological behavior: a clinical case

El grafeno y sus derivados son muy utilizados en ciencia y tecnología por los beneficios que otorgan sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. En el área de la salud en particular, se destacan sus propiedades biológicas debido a su elevada biocompatibilidad, interacción celular y su actividad antibacteriana. La incorporación de grafeno en ciertos materiales permite obtener un material combinado con propiedades mejoradas. Un ejemplo de ello es la incorporación industrial de óxido de grafeno en metacrilato de metilo para generar un polímero (PMMA) mejorado, no solo desde el punto de vista mecánico, sino también una notoria ventaja en la respuesta biológica de los tejidos blandos. Este artículo describe el caso clínico de un paciente de 70 años, que concurrió a la consulta buscando alternativas de tratamiento para mejorar la retención y estabilidad de las prótesis para optimizar la función masticatoria, una alternativa que impacte positivamente sobre su calidad de vida. El plan de tratamiento contempló el reemplazo de las prótesis removibles por prótesis híbridas en ambos maxilares, confeccionadas con PMMA modificado industrialmente con óxido de grafeno, previa colocación de cinco implantes en cada arco (AU)

Graphene and its derivatives are widely used in science and technology due to the benefits provided by their physicochemical properties. In the health area, specifically, its biological properties stand out, due to its high biocompatibility, cellular interaction, and its antibacterial activity. The incorporation of graphene in certain materials allows obtaining a combined material with improved properties. An example of this is the industrial incorporation of graphene oxide in methyl methacrylate, to generate an improved polymer (PMMA), not only from a mechanical point of view, but also a notable advantage in the biological response of soft tissues. This article describes the clinical case of a 70-year-old patient, who attended the consultation looking for treatment alternatives to improve the retention and stability of the prostheses to optimize the masticatory function, or an alternative that had a positive impact on their quality of lifetime. The treatment plan contemplated the replacement of removable prostheses with hybrid prostheses in both jaws, made with PMMA industrially modified with graphene oxide, after placing five implants in each arch (AU)

A simple and sensitive method for determination of Norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations / Um método simples e sensível para determinação da norfloxacina em preparações farmacêuticas

In this approach, a new voltammetric method for determination of norfloxacin was proposed with high sensitivity and wider detection linear range. The used voltammetric sensor was fabricated simply by coating a layer of graphene oxide (GO) and Nafion composited film on glassy carbon electrode. The advantage of proposed method was sensitive electrochemical response for norfloxacin, which was attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of GO and the accumulating function of Nafion under optimum experimental conditions, the present method revealed a good linear response for determination of norfloxacin in the range of 1×10^-8mol/L-7×10^-6 mol/L with a detection limit of 5×10^-9 mol/L. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of norfloxacin in capsules with satisfactory results...

Propos-se, por essa abordagem, novo método voltamétrico, com alta sensibilidade e faixa linear de detecção mais ampla, para a determinação de norfloxacino. O sensor voltamétrico utilizado foi fabricado simplismente por cobertura de camada de óxido de grafeno (GO) e filme de Nafion em eletrodo de cabrono vítreo. A vantagem do método proposto foi a resposta eletroquímica sensível para o norfloxacino, atribuída à condutividade elétrica excelente do GO e à função acumulada do Nafion. Sob condições experimentais ótimas, o presente método revelou boa resposta linear para a determinação do norfloxacino na faixa de limite de detecção de 1×10^-8mol/L-7×10^-6 mol/L. O método proposto foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação de norfloxacino em cápsulas, com resultados satisfatórios...

Raman D-band in the irradiated graphene: Origin of the non-monotonous dependence of its intensity with defect concentration / La banda D de Raman del grafeno irradiado: Origen de la dependencia no monótona de su intensidad con la concentración de defectos

Raman spectroscopy is one of the experimental techniques more used in studying irradiated carbon nanostructures, in particular graphene, due to its high sensibility to the presence of defects in the crystalline lattice. Special attention has received the variation of the intensity of the Raman D-band of graphene with the concentration of defects produced by irradiation. Nowadays, there are enough experimental evidences about the non-monotonous character of that dependence, but the explanation of this behavior is still controversial. In the present work we developed a simplified mathematical model to obtain a functional relationship between these two magnitudes and showed that the non-monotonous dependence is intrinsic to the nature of the D-band and that it is not necessarily linked to amorphization processes. The obtained functional dependence was used to fit experimental data taken from other authors. The determination coefficient of the fitting was.

La espectroscopía Raman es una de las técnicas experimentales más usadas en el estudio de las nano-estructuras de carbono irradiadas, en particular del grafeno, debido a su alta sensibilidad a la presencia de defectos en la red cristalina. Una atención especial ha recibido la variación de la intensidad de la banda D de los espectros Raman del grafeno con la concentración de defectos producida por la irradiación. Hoy día hay suficientes evidencias experimentales sobre el carácter no monótono de esa dependencia, pero la explicación de ese comportamiento todavía es polémica. En el presente trabajo se desarrolló un modelo matemático simplificado para obtener una relación funcional entre estas dos magnitudes y se demostró que la dependencia no-monótona es intrínseca a la naturaleza de la banda D y que no está ligada necesariamente a procesos de amorfización. La dependencia funcional obtenida fue utilizada para ajustar datos experimentales obtenidos por otros autores. Se obtuvo un ajuste con un coeficiente de determinación.